This document is aimed to give advice on different representation mechanisms to link data across different languages on the Semantic Web. We will first enumerate the types of language resources where such guidelnaes are applicable. Then, we will review different levels of crosslingual linking, following an adapted version of the Vaquois triangle as inpiration. We will analyse each possibility (e.g., linking at the conceptual level, at the lexical level, etc.), exemplify them with real cases, and discuss their pros and cons. Finally we will review, from a practical point of view, the different reppresentation mechanisms available to describe links across linguistic data in different languages. Note that this guidelines focus on general representation issues of cross-lingual data, not entering into any techniques for cross-lingual link discovery or ontology mapping.

There are a number of ways that one may participate in the development of this report:

------------------- UNDER CONSTRUCTION -------------------

Types of resources

TBC [ Quick enumeration of the types of language resources that can be subject of this guidelines, despite we will exemplify just a few of them (dictionaries, mostly) to keep the guidelines simple. Dictionaries, ontologies, terminologies, taxonomies, encyclopedic resources; we will focus on entity-centered resources. ]

Levels of cross-lingual linking

TBC

The adapted Vaquois triangle

TBC The adapted Vaquois triangle, for the cross-lingual linking case, is illustrated in the following figure.

Adapted Vaquois triangle.png
Adapted Vaquois triangle

Examples

TBC

Guidelines

TBC

Representation mechanisms

TBC [ Something extracted/adapted from this reference card https://lider-project.eu/lider-project.eu/sites/default/files/referencecards/How-to-represent-crosslingual-links-Reference-Card.pdf. See https://www.w3.org/TR/dwbp/#bp-template for inspiration ]

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the BPMLOD community group members for their valuable feedback.

References

TO BE UPDATED
[AP_PAPER]
M. Forcada, M. Ginestí-Rosell, J. Nordfalk, J. O'Regan, S. Ortiz-Rojas, J. Pérez-Ortiz, F. Sánchez-Martínez, G. Ramírez-Sánchez, and F. Tyers, Apertium: a free/open-source platform for rule-based machine translation . Machine Translation, vol. 25, no. 2, pp. 127-144, 2011.
[AP_RDF]
RDF version of the Apertium bilingual dictionaries. URL: http://linguistic.linkeddata.es/apertium/
[DC]
DCMI Metadata Terms. URL: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
[DCAT]
F. Maali, J. Erickson (Eds.). Data Catalog Vocabulary (DCAT). W3C Recommendation. January 2014 URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/vocab-dcat/
[GUIDE_MLD]
A. Gómez-Pérez, D. Vila-Suero, E. Montiel-Ponsoda, J. Gracia, and G. Aguado-de Cea, Guidelines for multilingual linked data , in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Web Intelligence, Mining and Semantics (WIMS'13). New York, NY, USA: ACM, Jun. 2013.
[ISA_URIS]
P. Archer, S. Goedertier, and N. Loutas, Study on persistent URIs Tech. Rep., ISA, Dec. 2012.
[LEMON_PAPER]
J. McCrae, G. Aguado-de Cea, P. Buitelaar, P. Cimiano, T. Declerck, A. Gómez-Pérez, J. Gracia, L. Hollink, E. Montiel-Ponsoda, D. Spohr, and T. Wunner, Interchanging lexical resources on the Semantic Web . Language Resources and Evaluation, vol. 46, 2012.
[LEMON]
The lemon model. URL: http://lemon-model.net/
[LEXINFO]
Lexinfo. URL: https://lexinfo.net/index.html
[LMF]
Lexical Markup Framework (LMF). URL: http://www.lexicalmarkupframework.org/
[ONTOLEX]
Lexicon Model for Ontologies. URL: https://www.w3.org/2016/05/ontolex/
[ONTOLEX_PAPER]
John P McCrae, Julia Bosque-Gil, Jorge Gracia, Paul Buitelaar, and Philipp Cimiano, The Ontolex-Lemon model: development and applications . Proceedings of eLex 2017 conference.
[TR]
Translation Module. URL: http://purl.org/net/translation
[TR_PAPER]
J. Gracia, E. Montiel-Ponsoda, D. Vila-Suero, and G. Aguado-de Cea, Enabling language resources to expose translations as linked data on the web, in Proc. of 9th Language Resources and Evaluation Conference (LREC'14), Reykjavik (Iceland), May 2014.
[TRCAT]
OEG Translation Categories. URL: http://purl.org/net/translation-categories
[VOID]
K. Alexander, R. Cyganiak, M. Hausenblas, J. Zhao, Describing Linked Datasets with the VoID Vocabulary. W3C Interest Group Note. March 2011. URL: http://www.w3.org/TR/void/